{"id":92351,"date":"2026-05-29T13:35:01","date_gmt":"2026-05-29T18:35:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bricktowntom.com\/blog\/?p=92351"},"modified":"2026-05-29T13:35:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T18:35:01","slug":"how-to-use-higher-order-functions-in-javascript","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bricktowntom.com\/blog\/05\/how-to-use-higher-order-functions-in-javascript.html","title":{"rendered":"How to Use Higher-Order Functions in JavaScript"},"content":{"rendered":"


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One of the characteristics of JavaScript that makes it well-suited for functional programming is the fact that it can accept higher-order functions. A higher-order function is a function that can take another function as an argument, or that returns a function as a result. <\/p>\n

First Class Functions<\/h2>\n

You may have heard it said that JavaScript treats functions as first-class citizens. What this means is that functions in JavaScript are treated as objects. They have the type Object<\/code>, they can be assigned as the value of a variable, and they can be passed and returned just like any other reference variable. <\/p>\n

This native ability gives JavaScript special powers when it comes to functional programming. Because functions are objects, the language supports a very natural approach to functional programming. In fact, it\u2019s so natural, that I\u2019ll bet you\u2019ve been using it without even thinking about it.<\/p>\n

Taking Functions as Arguments<\/h2>\n

If you\u2019ve done much web-based JavaScript programming or front-end development, you\u2019ve probably come across functions that use a callback. A callback is a function that gets executed at the end of an operation, once all of the other operations of been completed. Usually this callback function is passed in as the last argument in the function. Frequently, it\u2019s defined inline as an anonymous function.<\/p>\n

Since JavaScript is single-threaded, meaning that only one operation happens at a time, each operation that\u2019s going to happen is queued along this single thread. The strategy of passing in a function to be executed after the rest of the parent function\u2019s operations are complete is one of the basic characteristics of languages that support higher-order functions. It allows for asynchronous behavior, so a script can continue executing while waiting for a result. The ability to pass a callback function is critical when dealing with resources that may return a result after an undetermined period of time. <\/p>\n

This is very useful in a web programming environment, where a script may send an Ajax request off to a server, and then need to handle the response whenever it arrives, with no knowledge in advance of network latency or processing time on the server. Node.js frequently uses callbacks to make the most efficient use of server resources. This approach is also useful in the case of an app that waits for user input before performing a function.<\/p>\n

For example, consider this snippet of simple JavaScript that adds an event listener to a button. <\/p>\n

[code language=”js”]
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